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Alerting notifies teams when metrics or logs indicate problems that require attention.

Authentication verifies that users are who they claim to be, typically through passwords, tokens, or multi-factor methods.

Authorization determines what actions an authenticated user is permitted to perform within a system.

The blast radius is the scope of impact when something goes wrong. Smaller blast radius means fewer users affected by a failure.

A canary deployment releases changes to a small subset of users first, allowing you to detect issues before full rollout.

Encryption transforms data into an unreadable format that can only be decoded with the correct key.

E2E tests simulate real user workflows through the entire system. They catch integration issues but are slower and more brittle.

Feature flags allow you to toggle functionality on or off without deploying new code. They enable gradual rollouts and quick rollbacks.